INGREDIENT

AMOUNT

SUBSTITUTION

Allspice

1 tsp.

1/2 tsp. cinnamon + 1/2 tsp. ground cloves

Apple Pie Spice

1 tsp.

1/2 tsp. cinnamon, 1/4 tsp. nutmeg, 1/8 tsp. cardamom

Arrowroot

1 1/2 tsp.

1 Tbls. flour

1 1/2 tsp. cornstarch

Baking Powder

1 tsp.

1/3 tsp. baking soda + 1/2 tsp. cream of tartar

Bay Leaf

1 whole

1/4 tsp. crushed

Bread

1 slice dry

1/3 cup dry bread crumbs

1 slice soft

3/4 cup soft bread crumbs

Broth, Beef or Chicken

1 cup

1 bullion cube dissolved in 1 cup boiling water

1 envelope powdered broth base dissolved in 1 cup boiling water

1 1/2 tsp. powdered broth base dissolved in boiling water

Butter

1 cup

7/8 cup lard + 1/2 tsp. salt

Buttermilk

1 cup

1 cup plain yogurt

1 cup milk + 1 Tbls. white vinegar or lemon juice

1 cup milk + 1 3/4 tsp. cream of tartar

Chives, chopped

2 tsp.

2 tsp. green onion tops, finely chopped

Chocolate Chips

1 oz.

1 oz. sweet cooking chocolate

Chocolate, unsweetened

1 oz. or square

3 Tbls. cocoa + 1 Tbls. fat

Cocoa

1/4 cup

1 oz. square unsweetened chocolate (decrease fat in recipe by 1/2 Tbls.)

Coconut Cream

1 cup

1 cup whipping cream

Coconut Milk

1 cup

1 cup whole milk

Corn

1 doz. ears

2 1/2 cup cooked corn

Cornmeal, self-rising

1 cup

7/8 cup plain, 1 1/2 Tbls. baking powder, and 1/2 tsp. salt

Corn Syrup

1 cup

1 1/4 cup light brown sugar + 1/3 cup water

7/8 cup honey (baked goods will brown more)

Corn Syrup, Dark

1 cup

3/4 cup light corn syrup + 1/4 cup light molasses

Cornstarch (thickening)

1 Tbls.

2 Tbls. all-purpose flour

2 Tbls. granular tapioca

Cracker Crumbs

3/4 cup

1 cup dry bread crumbs

Cream, Heavy

1 cup

3/4 cup milk + 1/3 cup butter or margarine (if used for baking)

1 cup evaporated milk, undiluted

Cream, Light

1 cup

3/4 cup milk + 3 Tbls. butter or margarine (if used for baking)

1 cup evaporated milk, undiluted

Cream, Whipped

Chill a 13 oz. can of evaporated milk until ice crystals form. Add 1 tsp. lemon juice. Whip until stiff.

Dates

1 lb.

2 1/2 cup pitted

Dill Plant, Fresh or Dried

3 heads

1 Tbls. dill weed

Egg, whole, uncooked

1 large, 3 Tbls.

3 Tbls. + 1 tsp. thawed frozen egg

2 1/2 Tbls. sifted, dry whole egg powder + 2 1/2 Tbls. lukewarm water

2 yolks + 1 Tbls. water (for cookies)

2 yolks (in custards, cream fillings, and similar mixtures)

Eggs, uncooked

1 cup

5 large eggs

6 medium eggs

Egg White

1 large, 2 Tbls.

2 tsp. thawed frozen egg whites

2 Tbls. sifted, dry egg white powder + 2 Tbls. warm water

1 cup

8 large egg whites

Egg Yolk

1 yolk, 1 1/2 Tbls.

3 1/2 Tbls. thawed frozen egg yolk

2 Tbls. sifted, dried egg yolk

1 cup

12 large egg yolks

Flour, All-Purpose (for thickening)

1 Tbls.

1 1/2 tsp. cornstarch

1 Tbls. granular tapioca

1 Tbls. waxy rice flour

2 Tbls. browned flour

1 1/2 Tbls. whole wheat flour

1 Tbls. quick-cooking tapioca

Flour, All-Purpose

1 cup, sifted

1 cup + 2 Tbls. cake flour

1 cup rolled oats, crushed

1/2 cup cornmeal, bran, or rice flour + 1/2 cup all-purpose flour

1 cup rye or rice flour

1/4 cup soybean flour + 3/4 cup all-purpose flour

1 lb.

4 cups sifted

3 1/3 cups unsifted

Flour, Cake

1 cup sifted

1 cup minus 2 tsp. all-purpose flour, sifted

Flour, Self-Rising

1 cup

1 cup minus 2 tsp. all-purpose flour, 1 1/2 tsp. baking powder, and 1/2 tsp. salt

Fruit, Fresh, Cut Up

1 1/2 cups

16 oz. can, drained

Garlic

1 clove

1 tsp. chopped garlic

1/2 tsp. minced garlic

1/8 tsp. garlic powder

1/2 tsp. garlic flakes

1/4 tsp. granulated garlic

1/2 tsp. garlic juice

Garlic Salt

1 tsp.

1/8 tsp. garlic powder + 7/8 tsp. salt

Gelatin, Flavored

3 oz.

1 Tbls. plain gelatin + 2 cup fruit juice

Ginger

1/8 tsp.

1 tsp. candied ginger, rinsed in water to remove sugar, then finely cut

1 Tbls. raw ginger

Herbs, fresh

1 Tbls. chopped

1/2 tsp. dried crushed herb

Honey

1 cup

1 1/4 cup sugar + 1/4 cup water

Horseradish

1 Tbls.

2 Tbls. bottled fresh

Ketchup

1 cup

1 cup tomato sauce, 1/4 cup brown sugar, and 2 Tbls. vinegar

Lemon Juice

1 tsp.

1/2 tsp. white vinegar

Lemon Peel, dried

1 tsp.

1 to 2 tsp. fresh grated

1/2 tsp. lemon extract

Lime

1 med.

1 1/2 - 2 Tbls. juice

Maple Sugar (grated and packed)

1/2 cup

1 cup maple syrup

1 Tbls. granulated sugar

Marshmallows, mini

1 cup

8-10 regular

Mayonnaise (for salad dressings)

1 cup

1/2 cup plain yogurt + 1/2 cup mayonnaise

1 cup sour cream

1 cup cottage cheese, pureed

Milk, skim

1 cup

4 - 5 Tbls. non-fat dry milk powder + enough water to make 1 cup

1/2 cup evaporated milk + 1/2 cup water

Milk, Sweetened, Condensed

1 can

Heat the following until butter melts and sugar is dissolved: 1/3 cup + 2 Tbls. evaporated milk, 1 cup sugar, and 3 Tbls. butter

Add 1 cup + 2 Tbls. dry milk to 1/2 cup warm water. Add 3/4 cup sugar and 3 Tbls. melted butter. Stir until smooth.

Milk, Whole

1 cup

1 cup reconstituted non-fat dried milk + 2 Tbls. melted butter

1/2 cup evaporated milk + 1/2 cup water

4 Tbls whole dry milk + 1 cup water (for use in baking)

Mushrooms, Fresh

1 Lb.

2 - 3 cups whole

5 cups sliced

(1) 10 oz. can

Mushrooms, Canned

4 oz.

2 cups sliced fresh

6 Tbls. whole dried mushrooms

Mustard, Dry

1 tsp.

1 Tbls. prepared mustard

Onion, Fresh

1 small

rehydrate 1 Tbls. instant minced onion

Onion Powder

1 Tbls.

1 medium onion, chopped

4 Tbls. fresh chopped onion

Onions

1 Lb.

3 large onions

2 - 2 1/2 cup chopped

Orange Peel, Dried

1 Tbls.

2 - 3 Tbls. grated fresh orange peel

grated peel of 1 med. orange

2 tsp.

1 tsp. orange extract

Parsley, Dried

1 tsp.

3 tsp. fresh parsley, chopped

Peppers, green bell

1 Tbls. dried

3 Tbls. fresh green pepper, chopped

Peppers, red bell

1 Tbls. dried

3 Tbls. fresh red pepper, chopped

2 Tbls. chopped pimento

Peppermint, dried

1 Tbls.

1/4 cup chopped fresh mint

Pimento

2 Tbls.

1 Tbls. dried red bell pepper, rehydrated

3 Tbls. fresh red bell pepper, chopped

Pumpkin Pie Spice

1 tsp.

1/2 tsp. cinnamon, 1/4 tsp. ginger, 1/8 tsp. allspice, 1/8 tsp. nutmeg

Shortening, Melted

1 cup

1 cup cooking oil

Shortening, Solid

1 cup

1 cup minus 2 Tbls. lard

1 1/8 cup butter (decrease salt in recipe by 1/2 tsp.)

Sour Cream

1 cup

3/4 cup buttermilk + 1/3 cup butter or margarine

1 cup plain yogurt

3/4 cup milk, 3/4 tsp. lemon juice, and 1/3 cup butter or margarine

Spearmint, Dried

1 Tbls.

1/4 cup fresh chopped mint

Sugar, Brown

1 cup packed

1 cup granular sugar

1 Lb.

2 1/2 cups firmly packed

Sugar, powdered

1 Lb.

2 3/4 cups

Sugar, granulated

1 Lb.

2 1/4 cups

1 tsp.

1/8 tsp. non-caloric sweetener solution

1 cup

1 1/2 cup corn syrup (decrease liquid in recipe by 1/4 cup)

1 1/3 cup molasses (decrease liquid in recipe by 1/3 cup)

1 cup powdered sugar

1 cup brown sugar, firmly packed

3/4 cup honey (decrease liquid in recipe by 1/4 cup; for each cup of honey used, add 1/2 tsp. baking soda)

Tapioca, granular

1 Tbls.

2 Tbls. pearl tapioca

Tomato Juice

1 cup

1/2 cup tomato sauce + 1/2 cup water

Worcestershire Sauce

1 tsp.

1 tsp. bottled steak sauce

Yogurt, Plain

1 cup

1 cup buttermilk

1 cup cottage cheese, pureed

1 cup sour cream